European law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European law - Essay Example refers a question of EC law to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for a preliminary ruling so as to enable the national court, on receiving that ruling, to decide the case before it. Questions of EC law will arise in cases before the courts of different Member States. The function of the preliminary reference procedure is to ensure uniform interpretation and validity of EC law across all the Member States.† It also said that the procedure is laid down in Article 234 EC: ‘Where such a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court may, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, require the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon.’ (European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. 2005) On the other hand, preliminary ruling is defined as: ‘a special type of action before the ECJ by which national courts ask the ECJ to interpret EU law or to decide on validity and direct effect of EU acts; ECJ ruling is binding and not subject to appeal.’ (GLOSSARY OF EUROPEAN UNION COMMONLY USED TERMS, no date) The reference procedure, therefore, is a creation of the treaty makers who are the member states themselves. The fact that ECJ ruling would be binding and not subject to appeal as a result of the reference is itself a conferment of a strong power to the ECJ. To say therefore that the reference procedure has made the ECJ more than how it should function is to imply attribution of more powers than it was originally conferred under the treaty. (European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2005) Alter said that ECJ started as fairly weak international tribunal from many of the problems faced by international courts. The court then, according to her, lacked cases to adjudicate and since no enforcement was in place, its decisions were not taken seriously. The author further said that the ECJ created a base of political leverage for

Structural Frame(Jumeriah hotels ) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Structural Frame(Jumeriah hotels ) - Assignment Example All these committees are headed by a chairperson and they involve a chain of employees with defined functions. The investment and allocation committee is further divided into three committees including the asset management committee, the operations committee, and the development committee, all headed by a chairperson. The executive committee is also divided into three groups including the risk management working group, the medical services working group, and the fraud and ethics working group. Authority has been delegated to the executive committee by the board of director. The management committees operate under the executive committee that has delegated authority to them. The working groups also directly report to the executive committee. This approach to management has been effective for Jumeirah Hotels given that it groups individuals with specialized abilities and skills under a single department to uphold efficiency. Each of the functional units in the organization focuses on a particular aspect of the services in an attempt to ensure quality customer service (Daft, 2010, p. 104). The top management, in which case is the board of directors and the executive committee headed by a chairperson, coordinates all the functions of the different committees into a single cohesive effort towards meeting organizational goals (Jumeirah Group, 2014). This approach could be risky to the organization as the hospitality industry fluctuates rapidly, especially in the contemporary society. In addition, the organizational structure is efficient in environments wher e the business environment is not inclined towards updating or changing business operations. This organizational structure could be attributed to the success of the organization as it specific functions to different committees within the organization, all of which are aimed at achieving organizational objectives.

Chemical and Physical Properties of Water

Chemical and Physical Properties of Water Water is the most common liquid found on earth. It is abundantly found almost everywhere in the universe and on earth. The body weight of a living thing is made in such a way that it is mainly composed of water. The percentage of water in a human being is about 50 – 70% while in other living organisms is about 95%. Water has a number of physical and chemical properties, but this assignment will only discuss the unique properties of water that make it vital to all living organisms to survive. Water has several properties and only those essential to living organisms will be discussed and these are as follows. WATER IS A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT A solvent is a solution in which a solute dissolves. The reason as to why water is known as a ‘universal solvent’ is that many different things can be dissolved in it than in any other liquid. Some of the substances cannot be used in the body unless it is in a solution form. Maitland (1978) agrees with this by saying that â€Å"most gases dissolve readily in water most notably those that are essential for life.† According to Maitland (1978), it is true to say that for some gases like oxygen can only be used by an organism if it is dissolved in water, for example fishes use dissolved oxygen for respiration. WATER HAS HIGH COHESION Cohesion means ‘the sticking together of particles of the same substances.’ Water has the attraction force to molecules of similar substances; this is due to the hydrogen bond which is found in a molecule of water. This force of attraction allows water to move upwards hence carrying with it minerals and nutrients that are needed for the plant to survive. In other words it means that water is the only known medium by which the nutrients and mineral salts can be transported. Water transports dissolved substances in the roots of plants and also transports dissolved food substances through the simple blood vessels in a human body. The high cohesive nature of water is used in the process of transpiration in plants. This happens in such a way that during the day when the plant is transpiring the pull exerted by transpiration makes water to move from the roots to the leaves of the plant and vice versa when it is dark. WATER HAS HIGH SURFACE TENSION According to Agarwa (1974), surface tension has been defined as, ‘a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break a liquid surface.’ Water is able to form a tough film on its surface due to its high tension character or property. This surface of water supports aquatic life, for many large animals float on the surface due to up thrust. Maitland, (1978), prostitulates that ‘the pelogical habitat proper occurs only in larger bodies of standing water where there is sufficient area and depth for the water to be relatively uninfluenced by the substrate.’ From this statement it can be said that water is a habitat where whales live. It is not easy to compress water due to its high surface tension as a result of this, water acts as a skeleton called hydrostatic skeleton. This type of skeleton is found in soft bodied animals such as an earth worm. In this skeleton the fluid is secreted from the body and pressed against the body muscles and the muscles contracts against the fluid. In this way, the shape and form of this group of animals is maintained. LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION The word vaporation can also be termed as evaporation. Evaporation is defined as the change of state from liquid to gas or vapour. Evaporation is essential in keeping the human body cool and not only is it essential to human beings but is also vital to plants in that when excess water is lost during transpiration there is excess heat being lost which brings about the cooling effect. When water evaporates, for example from the surface of the skin or a leaf, it carries with it excess heat. The production of sweat helps in lowering the body temperature when it is too high. This is so vital because the body may overheat easily if certain measures are not taken to cool the body down. Kent (2000:23) says that, ‘heat is lost from the surface when water evaporates from it.’ Therefore, water acts as a cooling mechanism. Water really plays an important role in the cooling mechanism of plants and animals. PENETRATION OF LIGHT One of the properties of water is that of being colourless and transparent. This property allows light rays to penetrate water, therefore, enabling organisms that make their own food to survive in water. Light plays an important role in photosynthesis as it is converted to chemical energy which in turn drives the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water which are the inorganic substances from which plants make their own food. When light energy strikes the chloroplasts containing chlorophyll, water in the stoma is split into hydrogen and oxygen by the process known as photolysis. Hydrolysis the opposite of photolysis takes place in animals in the process of digestion by breaking food molecules. The green plants are the only agents that provide carbohydrate foods which acts as the basis from which more complex food such as proteins are made by the addition of various elements from the soil. This explanation means that without light being penetrating water, aquatic plants could not survive in water bodies and hence imbalance of nature. WATER HAS SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY Specific heat capacity has been explained that ‘the temperature will drop more slowly as heat is removed because of so much heat inputs or heat loss is required to raise or lower the temperature of water.’ (Eckert et al 2000). This statement means that water makes air to have a stable temperature as it absorbs heat from the air which is warm and release heat to the air which is cold. This phenomenon is observed in land and sea breeze. To sum up on the above account, water remains as an important substance as it helps in many different ways in the life of an organism. In other words, it is true to say that no organism can survive without water because water is used in most important reactions and processes in living organisms, hence the statement, ‘water is life.’ REFERENCES Agarwa (1974), Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology, Chad and company Ltd, New Delhi. Kent (2000) Advanced Biology, Oxford University Press, China. Maitland (1978), Biology of Fresh Water, Blackie and Sons Ltd, London. Eckert et al (2000), Animal Physiology, U.S.A., London. BIBLIOGRAPHY Peter et al, (1992), Biology Of Plants, Worth Publishers Inc, U.S.A., London. Purves et al (2000), Life, the Science Of Biology, Sinaver Associate Inc, London. Smith et al (2006), Elements of Ecology, Benjamin Cumming, U.S.A. London.

Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders and Treatment Essay -- Female Sex

Introduction In this paper we shall discuss two (2) fictional clients and their symptoms, and attempt to diagnose the clients using the DSM-IV TR. We then shall discuss specific treatment strategies that are based on the four (4) approaches discussed during the Introduction to Psychology course and briefly discuss ethical obligations in regard to the client during their treatment. Disorders Amanda is a 25 year old Caucasian female whom has a history of sexual abuse as a child and is in therapy to deal with emotional issues in regards to the abuse. She has been married for three (3) years and enjoys sexual activity with her husband. Her concern lies in the fact that although she is enjoying sexual intercourse and other sexual activities with her husband, she has noticed since becoming sexually active at age 17 that there have been reoccurring issues in regards to maintaining adequate lubrication. This has been frustrating for both Amanda and her husband and caused some strain on their marriage. Regina is a 28 year old Caucasian female. She has been married for nine months to her husband, they have two children together and each have one child from a previous relationship. Regina and her husband are seeking family counseling in regards to issues pertaining on ways better integrate their blended family. During the initial intake Regina is forthcoming but her husband brings up her â€Å"immense need† to clean and maintain their home. He gives specifics to what he describes as a â€Å"compulsiveness†, after talking with Regina she explains she feels an overpowering need to clean and pick up after the children. She goes on to explain her mother was not one for keeping a tidy house and would be embarrassed that it was â€Å" dirty â€Å"when frien... ...ue. Another important one is patient confidentiality and maintaining that confidentiality throughout treatment. If a patient does not trust you they are unlikely to get the most out of the therapy strategy you are pursuing. Lastly, it is very unbecoming to have an inappropriate relationship with a client during their treatment and can cause more harm to the patient. References Female Sexual Arousal Disorder in Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions at ALLPSYCH Online. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://allpsych.com/disorders/sexual/sexualarousal.html Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Anxiety Disorders at ALLPSYCH Online. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://allpsych.com/disorders/anxiety/ocd.html Stangor, C. (2010). Introduction to Psychology. Irvington, NY: Flat World Knowledge, Inc. Weiten, W. (2005). Psychology: Themes & Variations (6th ed.) Thompson/ Wadsworth

‘Happy Birthday, 1951’ by Kurt Vonnegut Essay

‘Happy Birthday, 1951’ is a short story written by Kurt Vonnegut. The story takes place in Dresden in Germany. The story is essentially about an old man that constantly tries to teach a six year old boy, how he believe the world should be like. The title ‘Happy Birthday, 1951’ refers to 24 October 1951 where the U. S. President Harry Truman declares that the war with Germany is officially over. That also elucidate why the soldiers are leaving the city. During the World War II, Dresden was bombarded by British and American aircraft and the whole city was completely destroyed. That explains why the old man and the boy live in the ruins in Dresden. At that time people can’t live in the city without documents, since the boy doesn’t have documents the old man asks him when he wants his birthday to be, the boy answers that he wants it to be tomorrow. The old man decides to give him a memorable present for birthday, as a birthday present he decides that they are going to a peaceful place without war. At his birthday they go to the forest, while they are trying to find a place to sit, the boy suddenly sees a rusted tank, the tank gets the boy’s interest ,and he asks the old man if he can go to it. The old man refuses and then they go deeper into the forest. Eventually they find an exceptional place to sit, and they lay down for a nap. In a while after the old man wakes up alone, the boy isn’t there. The old man panics. In the end the old man finds the boy who was in the tank playing soldier. The main characters in this story are the old man and the boy. The old man feels guilty because he hasn’t been a good father for the boy, he expresses that several times in the story for example in â€Å"I haven’t been a good father†¦ You are supposed to get presents.† (7. 30 – 32). Even thought the old man isn’t the parent to the child, he still undertakes the responsibility for not giving him a birthday. The old man hates the war and everything that has something to do with it. Every time the boy mentions something that’s related to the war, the old man gets upset and panicky. This is also illustrated in this quote. â€Å"†¦He cut the sentence short†¦ You shouldn’t be thinking about.† (9. 85 – 87) The old man compares the war with chaos and misery. It’s not directly written but it’s seen between the story lines. The old man is traumatized by the war. He compares the forest with Eden, and he describes the forest idyllic, this is obvious in this quote. â€Å"There! And what do you think of this? Eden†¦ You can have it.† The story indicates that the old man has experienced a various war through his life. It’s not directly written but it’s seen through the story lines. â€Å"I can remember †¦ He cut the sentence short†. This shows that He has experienced the war, and he also has a vast knowledge of soldiers, due to that the readers can assume that he may have been a soldier in the past. They boy doesn’t have an identity, since he was abandoned by his biological mother and left in care of an old man. Therefore the boy spends his time with the old man, unlike the old man the boy is fascinated by the war and soldiers. The boy has a difficult with understanding the problem with war and soldiers. He doesn’t realize the beauty of the birthday present, because he finds the forest to be lonely and boring, â€Å"It’s very quit†, â€Å"It’s lonely†, â€Å"I like better in the city, with the soldiers and-â€Å". The boy has also been studying the soldiers, â€Å"Black and red is the engineers †¦Military police† (9. 87-90). This quote clarifies his passion for soldiers, which also is characteristic for a boy in his age. The boy also respects the soldiers allot that is illustrated in this quote. â€Å"The old man stepped †¦ To let him pass.† (8. 77 – 79). Based on these evidences we can conclude that since the boy was raised in that environment, it has had an impact on his perception of soldiers and war. The story ends abruptly, the boy disappears and the old man finds him playing soldier in the tank. The author clarifies the whole story’s message by letting it end like that. The general message is that no matter how hard you try to convince a child about how terrible war is, they will not be able to understand it in the same way as you, because it requires experience and interest. In the end of the story the old man gets upset, when he discovers that the boy is missing. He gets upset because he worries about him, he loves him and he also wants the best for him. Therefore the old man tries to be his role model. But the boy doesn’t recognize him as his role model. He looks up to the soldiers instead. In that way a conflict arises between them. It is extremely important to have a role model, a role model you feel comfortable with. Role models are important for us mentally, they guide us through life during our development. We look up to our role models for inspiration and we use this inspiration to know how we should behave. Most of us have a role model, some of us have more than one. For some people it is important to have more than one role model, and for some it is not. The most important thing is to have your own role model and not imitate other people and it doesn’t matter how many role models you have. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/truman-declares-war-with-germany-officially-over [ 2 ]. http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/aerialcampaigns/p/World-War-Ii-Bombing-Of-Dresden.htm

Hag Fishes

My name is Khari Spencer, and I am running for treasurer. I know all of you are probably tired and bored of hearing all these speeches of people telling you to vote for them, so I hope my speech stands out to you. I think the quote â€Å"Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take, but by the moments that take our breath away,† is something we should all keep in our minds. If I am elected for treasurer, I will try to make school something that you wish you could go back to. Money moves the wheels of history, and this year I will move those wheels like never before n the history of this school. Friends, desks and chairs will tremble and shake with the triumphent roar of coins and cash flowing into the hands of our excellent student council. Things will get done and we shall acquire great things for all people of all ages and classses within this family that is Paradise. Things will be done, and they will be done for -you-. As Franklin Roosevelt once said, â€Å"Happi ness is not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort. I feel that we can all embrace the joy of achieving something great this year, and I know that all of our efforts will bring a financial blessing upon the school if you elect me for student council treasurer. What would make me a good treasurer? What qualities could I possibly possess that could accord me the rights to be in any position of relative power? Behind this outer shell of awesomeness and an incredible personality lies someone who is more than capable of being meticulous.I've yet to overdraw my checking account (I'm saving that for college), and I actually do work out a personal budget (granted, that's something I'm made to do, but hey. It still counts. ). This ridiculous amount of person greed and over the top focus on personal finance would make me an excellent treasurer. As for the non-financial element of the position, while it's true I've never held an off ice, I'm a creative person, with many different ideas (even if a lot of them are ridiculous. I'm easy to talk to and I love working around and with people, so the suggestions of others would be more than welcomed. It would probably make my life a heck of a lot easier. I look forward to coming up with creative fundraising methods. I may not have a coin collection that could rival that of the US Federal Mint, nor do I have any skills at basketball. At all. Whatsoever. I do not have one thing that many of the greatest political candidates of our time all have in common: empty promises.I do not make promises that if elected, Led Zeppelin will play in the cafeteria . I do not make promises that if you vote for me, a poor African boy will be given food. I also do not make promises to embezzle only a small portion of our school funds for dubious personal use. Ultimately, one could say, this would not be something I could do alone. Whether I'm elected or not, it isn't just the responsibilit y of the student government to make a fantastic school day.It comes down to all of you, even the people sitting in this room, bored out of your minds, to make this a possibility. While I'm sure that I could deal with the funds for a field trip, I certainly don't want to pay $100 for two tickets. That's insane. And four people can't keep costs down while still maintaining all of the fun that is our learning time. While I'm looking to get involved in running our class's finances and helping to organize class related events, I certainly don't want to make all about me (only a little bit).If elected, I would ask for and regularly enlist the help of all of you. While I could attempt to commandeer this position in a bloody coop, I have chosen to take the legal route into student office. In order to win, succeed, and actually do a good job, I'll need all of your help. I'm asking you to vote for me, and when/if I'm elected, I'm asking for you to help me and give me your input. This is, afte r all, about you, and not me. I'm running to work for you to make your 7th grade year as good as it can possibly